Fellowship in Pediatrics

• Basics & Pathophysiology of Type-1 Diabetes
• Basics of Basal Bolus Regimen in child with Type-1 Diabetes
• Basics of Carbohydrate Counting
• Introduction to Blood Glucose Monitoring
• Introduction to Insulin Injections
• Basics of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Pump Therapy
• Basics of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems

• Management of Blood Glucose in Type-1 Diabetic
• Management of Abnormal Blood Sugar Levels & Hypoglycemia in Children
• Lifestyle Considerations for Children with Type-1 Diabetics
• Immediate and Long-term Complications of Diabetes & Strategies to Prevent it
• Management of Diabetes during Surgery & Monitoring of Glycemic Control

• Philosophy of Palliative Care for children and young people
• Assessment and Management of children’s palliative care
• Coping with Palliative Care

• Introduction
• Overview of pediatric gastroenterology
• Historical perspective and development of the field

Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology:

• In-depth study of the anatomy of the digestive system in children
• In-depth study of function of the digestive system in children
• Normal growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract

Common Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders:

• Diagnosis and management of common gastrointestinal conditions in children
• Diagnosis and management of Gastroesophageal reflux
• Diagnosis and management of constipation
• Diagnosis and management of diarrhea,
• Diagnosis and management of abdominal pain

Malabsorption Syndromes:

• Disorders affecting nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
• Management of malabsorption in pediatric patients

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders:

• Disorders affecting the movement of the gastrointestinal tract
• Evaluation and treatment of motility disorders in children

• Introduction
• Overview of pediatric pulmonology
• Historical perspective and development of the field

Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology in Children:

• In-depth study of the respiratory system in children
• Normal growth and development of the respiratory tract

Common Pediatric Respiratory Disorders:

• Diagnosis and management of common respiratory conditions in children
• Diagnosis and management of Asthma
• Diagnosis and management of Bronchiolitis
• Diagnosis and management of Pneumonia
• Diagnosis and management of respiratory infections

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome:

• Diagnosis and management of respiratory issues in newborns
• Surfactant therapy and neonatal respiratory support

Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children:

• Evaluation and treatment of pediatric interstitial lung diseases
• Connective tissue disorders affecting the respiratory system

Allergic and Immunologic Respiratory Disorders:

• Asthma and allergic conditions in pediatric patients
• Immunodeficiency disorders affecting the respiratory system

Ethics and Cultural Competence:

• Ethical considerations in pediatric pulmonology practice
• Cultural competence and diversity in patient care

• Introduction
• Overview of bacterial infections in pediatric patients
• Epidemiology and common pathogens

  Microbiology and Pathogenesis:

1. • Study of bacterial pathogens relevant to pediatric infections
   • Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis

           Host Defense Mechanisms:

1. • Immune system responses to bacterial infections in children
   • Immune system development in pediatric patients

         Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis:

1. • Recognizing signs and symptoms of bacterial infections
   • Diagnostic approaches and laboratory tests

          Pediatric Respiratory Bacterial Infections:

1. • Diagnosis and management of bacterial respiratory infections
   • Diagnosis and management of Pneumonia
   • Diagnosis and management of Bronchitis
   • Diagnosis and management of Sinusitis

          Pediatric Bacterial Sepsis:

1. • Recognition and management of bacterial sepsis in children
   • Recognition and management of Septic shock
   • Recognition and management of Organ Dysfunction

          Prevention of Bacterial Infections:

1. • Vaccination strategies for bacterial infections
   • Preventive measures in healthcare settings

Introduction

1. • Overview of pediatric ophthalmology
   • Developmental aspects of the pediatric ophthalmology

Ocular & Vision Examination:

1. • Techniques for examining the vision
   • Age-appropriate examination methods

Refractive Errors in Children:

1. • Diagnosis and correction of refractive errors in pediatric patients
   • Diagnosis and correction of Myopia
   • Diagnosis and correction of Hyperopia
   • Diagnosis and correction of Astigmatism

Pediatric Ocular Infections and Inflammations:

1. • Diagnosis and treatment of infectious and inflammatory conditions affecting the eyes
   • Diagnosis and treatment of Conjunctivitis
   • Diagnosis and treatment of Uveitis

Pediatric Ophthalmic Imaging:

1. • Use of imaging techniques in pediatric eye care
   • Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
   • Fundus photography, etc.

Introduction

1. • Overview of pediatric ear, nose, and throat conditions
   • Unique aspects of managing ENT issues in children

Pediatric Ear Conditions:

1. • Diagnosis and management of pediatric ear disorders
   • Diagnosis and management of Otitis media
   • Diagnosis and management of Hearing loss
   • Diagnosis and management of Ear infections
   • Diagnosis and management of Congenital ear anomalies

Pediatric Nose and Sinus Disorders:

1. • Evaluation and treatment of pediatric nasal and sinus conditions
   • Evaluation and treatment of Allergic rhinitis
   • Evaluation and treatment of Sinusitis,
   • Evaluation and treatment of Nasal obstruction

Pediatric Swallowing Disorders:

1. • Evaluation and management of pediatric swallowing difficulties
   • Evaluation and management of Dysphagia
   • Evaluation and management of Aspiration

Introduction

1. • Overview of parasitic diseases affecting children
   • Global distribution and impact on child health

Helminthic Infections in Pediatrics:

1. • Diagnosis and management of intestinal helminths
   • Diagnosis and management of Soil-transmitted helminths,
   • Diagnosis and management of Intestinal flukes
   • Diagnosis and management of Intestinal tapeworms

Protozoan Infections in Pediatrics:

1. • Diagnosis and treatment of protozoan infections
   • Diagnosis and treatment of Malaria
   • Diagnosis and treatment of Giardiasis
   • Diagnosis and treatment of Amoebiasis
   • Diagnosis and treatment of Toxoplasmosis

Parasitic Infections in Immunocompromised Children:

1. • Special considerations for parasitic infections in children with compromised immune systems
   • HIV/AIDS-related parasitic infections

Parasitic Infections in Travelers and Immigrants:

1. • Evaluation and management of parasitic infections in pediatric travelers and immigrants
   • Screening and preventive measures

Diagnostic Techniques in Pediatric Parasitology:

1. • Laboratory methods for diagnosing parasitic infections in children
   • Laboratory methods for Stool examination
   • Laboratory methods for serological testing
   • Laboratory methods for Molecular diagnostics

Prevention and Control of Pediatric Parasitic Infections:

1. • Public health strategies for preventing and controlling parasitic diseases
   • Public health strategies for Water and sanitation
   • Public health strategies for Vector control
   • Public health strategies for Vaccination

Introduction

1. • Overview of dermatological conditions in pediatric patients
   • Unique aspects of skin conditions in children

Pediatric Dermatologic Examination:

1. • Techniques for examining the pediatric skin
   • Age-related examination methods

Common Pediatric Dermatologic Conditions:

1. • Diagnosis and management of common skin conditions in children
   • Diagnosis and management of Atopic dermatitis
   • Diagnosis and management of Diaper dermatitis
   • Diagnosis and management of Contact dermatitis

Genetic and Congenital Skin Disorders:

1. • Evaluation and treatment of genetic and congenital skin disorders in children
   • Evaluation and treatment of Epidermolysis bullosa
   • Evaluation and treatment of Ichthyosis
   • Evaluation and treatment of Vascular anomalies

Infectious Skin Conditions in Pediatrics:

1. • Recognition and management of infectious skin diseases in children
   • Recognition and management of Impetigo
   • Recognition and management of Fungal infections
   • Recognition and management of Viral exanthems

• Comprehensive study of pediatric anatomy
• Physiology
• Pharmacology.

• Psychosocial development in children
• Behavioural disorders in children

• Pediatric nutrition
• Growth monitoring
• Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance
• Metabolic Crisis
• Management of nutritional disorders.
• Nutritional Disorders of Nervous System

• Autism
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Anxiety and depressive disorders
• Speech and language disorders
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• Basic life support
• Pediatric trauma
• Emergency care

• History
• Neonatal Inspection and Examination.
• Asthma: history and triggers.
• Pneumonia: fever, cough, chest pain.
• Bronchiolitis: wheezing, respiratory distress.
• Stridor: upper airway obstruction.
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea: snoring, sleep disturbances.
• Bronchiectasis: chronic cough, sputum production.

• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus:
• Pathophysiology: autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
• Basal Bolus Regimen: multiple daily injections.
• Carbohydrate Counting and Blood Glucose Monitoring.
• Insulin Injections and Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion.
• Ongoing Management, Lifestyle, and Complications.

• Diabetic Ketoacidosis:
• Definition, causes, symptoms.
• Management: fluid resuscitation, insulin.

• Pediatric Diabetic Syndromes:
• Atypical Diabetes Syndromes: MODY, Wolfram syndrome.

• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:
• Definition and Diagnosis: insulin resistance.
• Management: lifestyle changes, oral medications.

• Cardiac History:
• Birth history: prenatal care, birth complications.
• Past medical history: infections, syndromes.
• Family history: congenital heart diseases.
• Feeding history: difficulty, fatigue, and poor weight gain.
• Respiratory symptoms: cyanosis, tachypnea, grunting.
• Syncope or loss of consciousness events.
• Cardiac Physical Examination:

• Inspection:
•  cyanosis, clubbing, respiratory distress.
• Palpation: thrills, heaves.
• Auscultation: heart sounds, murmurs.
• Blood pressure measurement in all four limbs.
• Peripheral pulses assessment.

• Presentation:
• Cyanotic Presentation: central cyanosis, poor perfusion.
• Acyanotic Presentation: tachycardia, poor feeding, failure to thrive.

• Left to Right Shunts:
• Types: VSD, ASD, PDA.
• Anatomy and natural history.
• Clinical features: murmur, respiratory symptoms.
• Investigations: echocardiography.
• Management: medical, surgical, catheter-based.

• Different Types Of Lesions
• Obstructive Lesions
• Types: Coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis.
• Natural history and pathophysiology.
• Clinical features: hypertension, weak pulses.
• Investigations: echocardiography, MRI.
• Management: surgical correction, balloon angioplasty.

• Regurgitant Lesions:
• Types: mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation.
• Aetiology and clinical features.
• Investigations: echocardiography.
• Management: medical, surgical.

• Cyanotic Lesions:
• Types: Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries.
• Management: palliative procedures, corrective surgery.
• Clinical features: cyanosis, squatting posture.
• Acquired Heart Disease and Cardiomyopathy:
• Types: Kawasaki disease, myocarditis.
• Clinical features: fever, rash, cardiac dysfunction.
• Investigations: ECG, echocardiography.
• Management: anti-inflammatory therapy, supportive care.

• Paediatric ECG and Arrhythmias:
• Arrhythmias: bradycardia, tachycardia.
• Observations and measurements: heart rate, PR interval.
• Clinical features: dizziness, palpitations.
• Management: medication, catheter ablation.

• Genetics:
• Syndromes: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome.
• Features and cardiac defects.
• Teratogens and maternal diseases: rubella, diabetes.

• Embryogenesis of the Skin
•  General Structure and Function of the Skin in Children
• General and Cutaneous Immunity
• Genetics for the Pediatric Dermatologist
•  Clinical and Dermatological Examination
•  Basics of Dermatopathology
• Other Diagnostic Methods

• Newborn care
• Growth monitoring, feeding problems
• Frequent illnesses that affect newborns

• Asthma
• Pneumonia
• Influenza
• Bacterial Meningitis

• Celiac disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Vesicoureteral Reflux
• Management of GI disorders in children

Pediatric Endoscopy:

• Techniques and procedures related to pediatric endoscopy
• Endoscopic interventions in pediatric gastroenterology

• Approach to Neurological Assessment in Children
•  Approach to Localization of Neurological Disorders
•  Approach to Congenital Malformation of Brain
• Approach to Abnormal Head: Size and Shape
•  Approach to Developmental Delay in Children
•  Approach to Intellectual Disability and Specific Learning Disorder
•  Approach to Autism
• Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Neonate, Infant, and Children
• Approach to Neuronal Migration Disorders
• Approach to Acute Febrile Encephalopathy
• Approach to Acute Encephalitis (Indian Scenario)
•   Approach to Movement Disorders in Children
• Approach to Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome
• Approach to a Child with Ataxia
• Approach to Neuromuscular Diseases
• Approach to Child with Acute Flaccid Paralysis
• Approach to Paraplegia
• Approach to a Child with Myopathy and Myositis

• Evaluation of Renal Functions
•  Diagnostic Evaluation of Renal Disease
•  Imaging in Renal Diseases
• Acute Glomerulonephritis
• Steroid-sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome
• Steroid-resistant Nephrotic Syndrome
• Acute Renal Failure
• Renal Tubular Disorders
•  Chronic Kidney Disease: Conservative Management
• Renal Replacement Therapy: Acute Dialysis in Children
•  Renal Replacement Therapy: Chronic Dialysis
•  Renal Transplantation in Children
• Drug Therapy in Renal Dysfunction

• Setting-up Pediatric Nephrology Service
• Urinary Bladder Catheterization
•  Suprapubic Aspiration for Urine Collection
•  Urinalysis
• Hemodialysis Catheter Placement in Children
• Dialyzers, Hemodialysis Circuit including Writing Acute Prescription
• Sustained Low-efficiency Dialysis in Children
• Plasmapheresis
•  Acute Peritoneal Dialysis
• Renal Biopsy
•  Handling of Renal Biopsy Tissue
• Water Deprivation (and DDAVP) Tests
•  Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children

• Metabolic Crisis
• Cerebral Malaria
• Bleeding Child
• Vasculitis Syndrome

• Palliative Care:
• Approach and Assessment:
• Philosophy of Palliative Care.
• Coping mechanisms.

• Symptom Management:
• Pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation.
• Anorexia, hiccups, mouth care.
• Feeding difficulties, difficulty in breathing.
• Neurological and psychological symptoms.
• Skin symptoms, emergencies.

• Preparing for Death:
• Advance Care Plans.
• Last Few Days of Life.
• Practicalities Around Death Care.

• Ethics and the Law.
• Sexuality in palliative care.
• Spirituality and end-of-life care.